November: Beethoven, one month short of his 22nd birthday, leaves Bonn for Vienna to study with Haydn. He has been given six months leave of absence by the elector. In fact he stays in Vienna for the rest of his life - never to return to his home town. Beethoven begins lessons with Haydn. The city's most influential musical patrons - particularly Prince Lichnowsky - take Beethoven under their wing, and put him forward to take on the city's piano virtuosos in improvisation contests.
One after the other he defeats them and quickly establishes his reputation as the finest piano virtuoso in Vienna. Beethoven composes Piano Sonatas op. Beethoven performs the Piano Trios before Haydn, who is critical of no. Beethoven is furious, but he heals the rift with his teacher when he dedicates the Piano Sonatas to him.
Nikolaus Johann moves to Vienna. Beethoven travels with Prince Lichnowsky to Prague, where he gives a concert. He goes on to Dresden, Leipzig and Berlin. In Berlin he composes the Cello Sonatas op. Beethoven gives the first performance of Quintet op. In the summer of this year he falls seriously ill. It is possibly typhus and could mark the beginning of his deafness.
In an extraordinary burst of creativity at the start of the year, Beethoven completes the Piano Sonatas op. Later in the year he begins work on the Septet op. In , his nine symphonies were performed in a cycle for the first time, by the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra under Johann Philipp Christian Schulz.
This was repeated in Beethoven was bedridden for most of his remaining months, and many friends came to visit. He died on 26 March at the age of 56 during a thunderstorm. An autopsy revealed significant liver damage, which may have been due to heavy alcohol consumption. It also revealed considerable dilation of the auditory and other related nerves. Franz Schubert, who died the following year and was buried next to Beethoven, was one of the torchbearers.
In , his crypt was checked to see if his teeth had been stolen during a series of grave robberies of other famous Viennese composers. Friends and visitors before and after his death clipped locks of his hair, some of which have been preserved and subjected to additional analysis, as have skull fragments removed during the exhumation.
Some of these analyses have led to controversial assertions that Beethoven was accidentally poisoned to death by excessive doses of lead-based treatments administered under instruction from his doctor. Beethoven was often irascible. It has been suggested he suffered from bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, he had a close and devoted circle of friends all his life, thought to have been attracted by his strength of personality.
He stopped performing at the piano if the audience chatted amongst themselves, or afforded him less than their full attention. Eventually, after many confrontations, the Archduke Rudolph decreed that the usual rules of court etiquette did not apply to Beethoven.
Beethoven was attracted to the ideals of the Enlightenment. Beethoven composed in several musical genres and for a variety of instrument combinations. He wrote seven concerti for one or more soloists and orchestra, as well as four shorter works that include soloists accompanied by orchestra.
His only opera is Fidelio ; other vocal works with orchestral accompaniment include two masses and a number of shorter works. His large body of compositions for piano includes 32 piano sonatas and numerous shorter pieces, including arrangements of some of his other works.
Works with piano accompaniment include 10 violin sonatas, 5 cello sonatas, and a sonata for French horn, as well as numerous lieder. Beethoven also wrote a significant quantity of chamber music. In addition to 16 string quartets, he wrote five works for string quintet, seven for piano trio, five for string trio, and more than a dozen works for various combinations of wind instruments. In this scheme, his early period is taken to last until about , the middle period from about to about , and the late period from about He also explored new directions and gradually expanded the scope and ambition of his work.
It includes large-scale works that express heroism and struggle. Middle-period works include six symphonies Nos. Works from this period are characterised by their intellectual depth, their formal innovations, and their intense, highly personal expression. The String Quartet, Op. Eroica is a Austrian film depicting the life and works of Beethoven Ewald Balser.
It was entered into the Cannes Film Festival. The film was given a two-part premiere on the Walt Disney anthology television series, and was released to theatres in Europe. Beethoven is portrayed by Donatas Banionis. The Beethoven Monument, Bonn, was unveiled in August , in honour of his 75th anniversary.
It was the first statue of a composer created in Germany, and the music festival that accompanied the unveiling was the impetus for the very hasty construction of the original Beethovenhalle in Bonn it was designed and built within less than a month, on the urging of Franz Liszt. A statue to Mozart had been unveiled in Salzburg, Austria in Vienna did not honour Beethoven with a statue until There is a museum, the Beethoven House, the place of his birth, in central Bonn. The same city has hosted a musical festival, the Beethovenfest de , since The festival was initially irregular but has been organized annually since The third largest crater on Mercury is named in his honor, as is the main-belt asteroid Beethoven.
Skip to main content. Classical Music. Search for:. Beethoven: Biography. Portrait by Joseph Karl Stieler, Hear the Music. Life mask made in Piano Sonata No. He was also a pivotal figure in the transition from the 18th century musical classicism to 19th century romanticism, and his influence on subsequent generations of composers was profound. His music features twice on the Voyager Golden Record, a phonograph record containing a broad sample of the images, common sounds, languages, and music of Earth, sent into outer space with the two Voyager probes.
His date of birth was often, in the past, given as 16 December, however this is not known with certainty; his family celebrated his birthday on that date, but there is no documentary evidence that his birth was actually on 16 December.
Oxford University Press. ISBN Retrieved 15 April Chambers Biographical Dictionary. Steblin , p. JSTOR Hannah Salter. Accessed 5 June Beethoven essays. Harvard University Press.
Retrieved 4 August Listening to reason: culture, subjectivity, and nineteenth-century music. Princeton University Press. Beethoven and his world. Beethoven: The Universal Composer.
Retrieved 3 August Although the crowd were determined to make him realise how much they loved his symphony with five standing ovations. Legend has it that a young female singer approached the maestro and turned him around to face the audience, to see the ovation. Looking back on his life, Beethoven was plagued with poor health including chronic hepatitis, jaundice, colitis, various skin diseases, rheumatic fever and cirrhosis of the liver — but his actual cause of his death is still unknown.
Previous Back. Video player This dialog pays embedded videos in a popup window. He was forced to return to Bonn to care for his ailing mother, who died several months later. His father died in In Beethoven went back to Vienna to study with the famous composer Joseph Haydn — Beethoven was not totally satisfied with Haydn's teaching, though, and he turned to musicians of lesser talent for extra instruction.
Beethoven rapidly proceeded to make his mark as a brilliant keyboard performer and as a gifted young composer with a number of works to his credit. In his first mature published works appeared, and his career was officially launched.
Beethoven lived in Vienna from to his death in , unmarried, among a circle of friends, independent of any kind of official position or private service. He rarely traveled, apart from summers in the countryside. In he made a trip to northern Germany, where his schedule included a visit to the court of King Frederick William of Prussia, an amateur cellist. Later Beethoven made several trips to Budapest, Hungary.
In Beethoven received an invitation to become music director at Kassel, Germany. This alarmed several of his wealthy Viennese friends, who formed a group of backers and agreed to guarantee Beethoven an annual salary of 1, florins to keep him in Vienna.
He thus became one of the first musicians in history to be able to live independently on his music salary. Although publishers sought out Beethoven and he was an able manager of his own business affairs, he was at the mercy of the crooked publishing practices of his time.
Publishers paid a fee to composers for rights to their works, but there was no system of copyrights the exclusive right to sell and copy a published work or royalties profits based on public performances of the material at the time. As each new work appeared, Beethoven sold it to one or more of the best and most reliable publishers.
But this initial payment was all he would receive, and both he and his publisher had to contend with rival publishers who brought out editions of their own. As a result Beethoven saw his works published in many different versions that were unauthorized, unchecked, and often inaccurate. Several times during his life in Vienna Beethoven started plans for a complete, authorized edition of his works, but these plans were never realized.
Beethoven's two main personal problems, especially in later life, were his deafness and his relationship with his nephew, Karl. Beethoven began to lose his hearing during his early years in Vienna, and the condition Ludwig van Beethoven. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. So severe was the problem that as early as he actually considered suicide.
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